Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Powder

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) plays a major role in metabolism as a cofactor and mobile electron acceptor. NAD+ is a required oxidizing cosubstrate for many enzymes. It is reduced to NADH (Cat# N-035) which carries electrons to the electron transport chain for subsequent oxidative phorphorylation and ATP production. NAD+ is capable of donating ADP-ribose moieties to a protein, producing nicotinamide in the process. Sirtuin enzymes use NAD+ as a substrate to deacetylate proteins and direct activity between the nucleus and mitochondria. NAD+ is regenerated by fermentation and by oxidative phosphorylation.

NAD+ also plays a vital role in energy production. In the Krebs cycle, the conversion of macronutrients, including proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, as well as micronutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, into ATP requires the participation of NAD+. . This is an energy molecule that is essential for the functioning of all basic functions of the human body.

In addition, NAD+ is a cofactor in hundreds of similar enzymatic reactions involving:

•Immune cell signaling and immune enhancement

•Reduce inflammation

•Production of telomeres, extending the life of telomeres

•Neurotransmitter production

•Healthy circadian rhythms and sleep cycles

•Enhance the activity of longevity factors

•Prevent blood vessel damage and reduce the risk of heart disease

•Healthy aging

1. NAD+ and circadian rhythm
Biological clock regulation is related to many diseases, including but not limited to sleep disorders, diabetes, and tumors. Many pathological processes are triggered by circadian clock disorders, which may be genetic or environmental. In short, keeping the circadian clock working properly plays an important role in maintaining health.
2. NAD+ and the nervous system
Sirtuins are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacylases that have been traditionally implicated in caloric restriction and aging in mammals. These proteins also play an important role in maintaining neuronal health during aging.
3. NAD+ and liver function
Enzymes in the NAD+ signaling pathway are known to protect the liver from fat accumulation, fibrosis and insulin resistance, which are all associated with the development of fatty liver disease.
4. NAD+ and kidney function
The decrease in NAD+ levels and the corresponding decrease in sirtuin activity in the elderly kidneys are largely responsible for the age-related decline in renal function and compliance.
5. NAD+ and skeletal muscle
Compared with young wild-type mice, the mice had reduced markers of muscle atrophy and inflammation as well as insulin signaling and the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake. Treatment of aged mice with NAD+ precursors significantly improved muscle function.
6. NAD+ and heart function
NAD+ levels are critical for normal heart function and recovery after injury. Among all NAD+-dependent signaling proteins, SIRT3 appears to be the most important.
7. NAD+ and vascular endothelial cells
Endothelial cell (EC) senescence is a pathophysiological process of structural and functional changes, including dysregulation of vascular tone, increased endothelial permeability, arteriosclerosis, impaired angiogenesis and vascular repair, and reduced EC mitochondrial biogenesis. Studies have confirmed that the increase of NAD+ and SIRT1 can enhance the growth ability of blood vessels, reverse vascular aging, and reduce cell death.
8. NAD+ and metabolic disorders
NAD+ can improve obesity, minor diabetes, and reproductive suppression caused by disorders of fat metabolism and glucose metabolism. It can even improve the adverse effects of obese mothers on the reproduction of female offspring.

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